Preheat Oven: Heat to 350°F (175°C) and line a cupcake tray with paper liners.
Prepare Pears: Peel, core, and chop or puree pears. Sprinkle with a little lemon juice to prevent browning.
Mix Dry Ingredients: In a large bowl, whisk together flour, baking powder, baking soda, salt, and optional cinnamon.
Combine Wet Ingredients: In another bowl, cream butter and sugar, then add eggs one at a time. Stir in vanilla extract and milk.
Fold in Pears: Gently fold pears into wet ingredients. Add optional nuts or chocolate chips. Avoid overmixing.
Fill Cupcake Liners: Fill liners ⅔ full with batter.
Bake: Bake 20–25 minutes or until a toothpick inserted in the center comes out clean.
Cool and Frost: Cool on a rack for 5 minutes, then frost with cream cheese, buttercream, or caramel drizzle if desired.